1. MODAL

Modal auxiliary verbs are used to moderate the main verb, that is to enhance or restrict the verb to a certain context.

The most common modal auxiliaries in English are:

can
could

may
should

might
will

must
would

Notice the usage of modals in the following sentences:

· Express ability : can

ex : I can pay my taxes

· Express possibility : may, migt ,

ex : maybe I will pay

· Expresses future intent : will

Ex : I will pay my taxes

· Expresses mild obligation : should

Ex : I should pay my taxes.

· expresses reservation : would

ex : I would pay my taxes

· Expresses strong obligation : must

Ex : I must pay my taxes

Modals are followed by only the base form of the verb and are not used alone unless there is a clear connection to a main verb.

· He must to finish his homework.

· He must finish his homework.

· Jack could heard the bell.

· Jack could hear the bell.

· Penny will going to the movie.

· Penny will go to the movie.

WRONG

RIGHT

WRONG

RIGHT

WRONG

RIGHT

Modal Forms

Modal verbs can be used in a variety of different forms. Study the examples below.

Modal Simple
I could swim at the beach.
Modal Continuous
I could be swimming at the beach right now.
Modal Perfect
I could have swum at the beach yesterday.
Modal Perfect Continuous
I could have been swimming at the beach instead of working in the office.

Passive Modal Simple
The room should be cleaned once a day.
Passive Modal Continuous
The room should be being cleaned now.
Passive Modal Perfect
The room should have been cleaned yesterday.
Passive Modal Perfect Continuous
The room should have been being cleaned but nobody was there. (Rare form)

2. simple sentence

simple sentence is independent clause ( 1S + 1V)

ex : Some students like to study in the mornings.

Compound sentence

Compound sentence is contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator.

coordinators : for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.

Ex :      I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English.
                Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping.
                Alejandro played football, for Maria went shopping

COMPLEX SENTENCES

A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses

Coordinator : because, since, after, although, or when

A.When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page.
B. The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error.
C. The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow.
D. After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the movies.
E. Juan and Maria went to the movies after they finished studying.

3. Paired conjuctions

Ex : (both, and)

(either, or)

(neither, nor)

(not only, but also)

· (both, and)

Both the movie and the play were good.

I liked both the movie and the play.

· (either, or)

Either the movie or the play was good. I can't remember.

I didn't like either the movie or the play. They were both bad.

· (neither, nor)

The actors tried neither to overplay nor to underplay their roles.

Neither the movie nor the play was good.

· (not only, but also)

Not only the movie but also the play was good

I liked not only the movie but also the play.

4. Conjunction

§ for: presents a reason

ex :He is gambling with his health, for he has been smoking far too long.

§ and: presents non-contrasting item(s) or idea(s)

ex : They gamble, and they smoke.

§ nor: presents a non-contrasting negative idea

ex :They do not gamble, nor do they smoke.

§ but: presents a contrast or exception

ex : They gamble, but they don't smoke.

§ or: presents an alternative item or idea

ex : Every day, they gamble or they smoke.

§ yet: presents a contrast or exception

ex : They gamble, yet they don't smoke.

§ so: presents a consequence

ex : He gambled well last night, so he smoked a cigar to celebrate.

5. adjective clause

adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It is possible to combine the following two sentences to form one sentence containing an adjective clause:

subdinator clause : which, whom, who, whose, that

ex : The children are going to visit the museum.
They are on the bus.

The children who are on the bus are going to visit the museum.
| adjective clause |

Ex : The church is old.
My grandparents were married there.

The church where my grandparents were married is old.
The church in which my grandparents were married is old.
The church which my grandparents were married in is old.
The church that my grandparents were married in is old.
The church my grandparents were married in is old.

6. NOUN CLAUSE

A noun clause is an entire clause which takes the place of a noun in another clause or phrase. Like a noun, a noun clause acts as thesubject or object of a verb or the object of a preposition, answering the questions "who(m)?" or "what?".

Ex : noun

I know Latin.

noun clause

I know that Latin is no longer spoken as a native language.

Ex :noun

Their destination is unknown.

noun clause

Where they are going is unknown.

Ex : about what you bought at the mall

Whoever broke the vase will have to pay for it.

The Toronto fans hope that the Blue Jays will win again.

7. ADVERB CLAUSE

An adverb clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adverb in another clause or phrase. An adverb clause answers questions such as "when?", "where?", "why?", "with what goal/result?", and "under what conditions?".

cause

Hamlet wanted to kill his uncle because the uncle had murdered Hamlet's father.

The adverb clause answers the question "why?".

effect

Hamlet wanted to kill his uncle so that his father's murder would be avenged.

The adverb clause answers the question "with what goal/result?".

time

After Hamlet's uncle Claudius married Hamlet's mother,

Hamlet wanted to kill him.

place

Where the whole Danish court was assembled, Hamlet ordered a play in an attempt to prove his uncle's guilt.

The adverb clause answers the question "where?".